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Archives for January 2010

Not al compute units are equal

Duncan Epping · Jan 14, 2010 ·

I was just reading an article which is titled “Surprise! Not all Amazon EC2 compute units are created equal. I think it’s a very interesting article and actually shows how people think/feel about what cloud computing is offering. In this case it’s all about the perception and as with many users the perception of performance and the misunderstanding of the technology that is driving this. The following quote from the article linked above captures the essence of the story

It turns out that the underlying hardware for each instance created impacts the actual performance that each instance gives you, even though the instances are all virtualized and marketed by Amazon as if they are all created equal. In our case, we found that the different underlying hardware that the virtual instance sits on has a significant impact on application performance, at least with respect to MySQL database performance. Instances that were created on machines with AMD’s Opteron 270 processors (2ghz 1mb L2 cache) showed significantly poorer MySQL performance compared to instances created on machines with Intel’s Xeon e5430 processors (2.66ghz 6mb L2 cache).

Now after reading this a lot of you may say “DUH”. Of course you can’t expect this be to be equal, but when reading Amazon’s explanation of a Compute Unit I do understand where this comes from.

Source
EC2 Compute Unit (ECU) – One EC2 Compute Unit (ECU) provides the equivalent CPU capacity of a 1.0-1.2 GHz 2007 Opteron or 2007 Xeon processor.

Cloud Computing, as Mike D. has explained many times already, is about the end-user not caring about what lays underneath as long as it meets there business requirements(non technical). Or in other words, and I quote “I don’t care”.

However as you can clearly see in the quote above, and please read the full article, the end-user does care when it comes down to performance. Performance needs to be guaranteed but more surprisingly equal in all cases. In the case mentioned above a single server had better(!) performance then guaranteed by Amazon and still the customer was dissatisfied with it as it clearly skewed expectations.

What can we do to prevent this and should we try to prevent this or create a better explanation of what “Compute Units” are. I actually don’t think there’s a single correct answer to the question or even a solution at this point in time as we are still growing and maturing. I will leave it at that for now and let the topic sink in, if you do have an answer please speak up.

While I was writing this article I was pointed by @MattPovey(EMC) to another article titled “Has Amazon EC2 become over subscribed?” Which is an excellent read and also deals about performance and the perception of just that. I think the key take away is that the user, when one of the few virtual instances using a physical server, sees a decline in performance over time. Although Amazon might still meet the SLA it is the users perception that performance decreased and are not equal to what has been offered.

Real life RAID penalty example added to the IOps article

Duncan Epping · Jan 11, 2010 ·

I just added a real life RAID penalty example to the IOps article. I know Sys Admins are lazy,  so here’s the info I just added:

I have two IX4-200Ds at home which are capable of doing RAID-0, RAID-10 and RAID-5. As I was rebuilding my homelab I thought I would try to see what changing RAID levels would do on these homelab / s(m)b devices. Keep in mind this is by no means an extensive test. I used IOmeter with 100% Write(Sequential) and 100% Read(Sequential). Read was consistent at 111MB for every single RAID level. However for Write I/O this was clearly different, as expected. I did all tests 4 times to get an average and used a block size of 64KB as Gabes testing showed this was the optimal setting for the IX4.

In other words, we are seeing what we were expecting to see. As you can see RAID-0 had an average throughput of 44MB/s, RAID-10 still managed to reach 39MB/s but RAID-5 dropped to 31MB/s which is roughly 21% less than RAID-10.

I hope I can do the “same” tests on one of the arrays or preferably both (EMC NS20 or NetApp FAS2050) we have in our lab in Frimley!

vSphere Quick Start Guide – PowerCLI and PDF

Duncan Epping · Jan 10, 2010 ·

Alan Renouf posted an article on the vSphere Quick Start Guide we recently wrote which triggered this article. First let me quote from Alan’s article:

I was responsible for adding all the PowerCLI throughout the book, basically if something is explained and there is an easy way to do it in PowerCLI, we have added a code reference, this enables you to see how much is covered by PowerCLI and also how easy it actually is.

In writing the PowerCLI areas I didn’t actually realise how many we had put in until the book was completed and I extracted them all into a nice zip file which can be downloaded and used from here: http://www.yellow-bricks.com/wp-content/uploads/quickstartguide.zip

All in all there are 67 scripts, now obviously if you want to know more information about these scripts and exactly where they fit in you will need to buy the book.

Download these scripts as they will definitely help you manage your environment better and more consistent. Secondly they will help you learn Powershell/PowerCLI faster, especially if you also own the book. Which is the second part of this post, the book… it’s available in print via Amazon and Lulu. But also available as a PDF via Lulu. You can find the links below, but keep in mind that depending on shipping costs sometimes the US one might be cheaper. Let me also be crystal clear about the PDF, it’s a separate item. If you want the PDF you will need to order it. We do however have added it to our “must haves” for the next book, we hope we will be able to offer a printed and pdf version in one package by then.

Anyway, close to 2000 copies have been sold by now. Amazon has books on stock which should make a fast delivery possible.

Amazon – US $15.99
Lulu – Europe: € 14.29
Lulu – PDF: €7.14 / $9.99

vSphere ESXi 4.0 on a USB memory stick

Duncan Epping · Jan 10, 2010 ·

One of the articles which has always been in my top 10 most read(with most hits coming from google) is “ESXi 3.5 Update 2 on a USB memory key“. I have always used win image and 7-zip to get the job done. Basically you are cloning the image to a USB drive, which is fairly easy but we could use less tools and use a fully supported method:


  1. Download VMware Player (it’s free and it rocks!)
    Of course VMware Workstation also works.
  2. Download ESXi from VMware here
  3. Install VMware Player (next / next / finish)
  4. Create new VM and connect to ESXi iso
  5. Insert a USB flash drive
  6. Boot from the ESXi ISO image
  7. Connect the USB device to the VM and select “mass storage device”
  8. Select the USB drive when the “Select a Disk” screen is shown
  9. Next, Next, Finish
  10. Now your USB drive is ready to go

Keep in mind, although you install ESXi there’s no server name or IP-address assigned to the installation. This is a generic USB install which can be used in any server or easily be cloned. But then again why would you clone it when you can install it in less time.

ESXi – lessons learned part 4

Duncan Epping · Jan 9, 2010 ·

I was just figuring something out from the command line on an ESXi 4.0 host. I needed to mount a partition but a regular “mount” did not work so it took me a couple of seconds to realize why. The solution was simple and similar to the regular mount command:

/usr/bin/busybox mount

also might come in handy:

/usr/bin/busybox fdisk -l

Busybox… indeed, that’s what is being used under the hood and that’s what needs to be used for specific commands. Just run /usr/bin/busybox and you will see which commands you will have to your disposal. Another command I often use when working on the ESXi console is “vim-cmd”. Remember these…

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About the Author

Duncan Epping is a Chief Technologist and Distinguished Engineering Architect at Broadcom. Besides writing on Yellow-Bricks, Duncan is the co-author of the vSAN Deep Dive and the vSphere Clustering Deep Dive book series. Duncan is also the host of the Unexplored Territory Podcast.

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